The conviction, due to previous failures, that bacteriology and darwin
ism were incompatible, has postponed the application of molecular phyl
ogenesis to bacteria. But once introduced, this new field has led to a
profound revolution of this science. A stable classification of the b
acteria is at last possible; a new domain, the Archae, as distant from
the Bacteria as from the Eukarya, has been discovered; noncultivable
new species can be identified from the environment. It may even be pos
sible to unravel the pathway of early evolution after the common ances
tor. However, controversies on this subject are already disregarded by
the new paradigm.