Lm. Voronova et al., STRUCTURE AND HARDNESS OF STEEL-05 SUBJECTED TO COLD-FORGING AND HEAT-TREATMENT, Metal science and heat treatment, 39(3-4), 1997, pp. 168-171
Connective structural elements of pipelines (reducers, flanges, etc.)
widely used in the chemical and fuel power industries are commonly man
ufactured by hot forging. However, this method has a low technical and
economic efficiency. The Institute of Metal Physics of the Ural Branc
h of the Russian Academy of Sciences has developed a process of cold f
orging for manufacturing preforms of pipeline flanges.