A new synthesis of the Black Sea oceanography is presented, primarily
based on studies carried out in the southern Black Sea, as well as on
some recent work covering the entire basin, obtained in a new era of i
ncreasing cooperation between the riparian countries. A review of the
physical environment is given. Seasonal and interannual climatic varia
bility of the system are discussed in relation to its hydrology. Water
mass variability and formation are studied, with emphasis on the infl
ow of Mediterranean waters, pycnocline variability, shelf and internal
mixing, and double diffusive convection. The general circulation of t
he basin, and the roles of stratification, topography and coastline va
riations in determining the behaviour of the rapid, unstable boundary
currents and upwelling along the coast are discussed, based on hydrogr
aphic data and satellite observations. Impacts of the physical process
es on the ecosystem are discussed. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.