Inspired by the writings of John Dewey, among others, thinking in comm
unication studies has often taken face-to-face conversation to be the
heart of democratic life. But face-to-face conversation has been as mu
ch honored in aristocracies as in democracies and there are, in fact,
two distinctive and contrasting ideals of conversation-the sociable co
nversation and the problem-solving conversation. Conversation that ser
ves democracy is distinguished not by egalitarianism but by norm-gover
nedness and public-ness, but not spontaneity but by civility, and not
by its priority or superiority to print and broadcast media but by its
necessary dependence on them. An argument is offered that institution
s and norms of democracy give rise to democratic conversations rather
than that the inherent democracy of conversation gives rise to politic
ally democratic norms and institutions.