Toads fed with 0.5 mg 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene twice a week for
12 weeks displayed liver tumors in 27 out of 100 cases. Electron micro
graphs of liver tumors showed some criteria of malignancy, such as the
presence of nuclear pockets, pseudoinclusions, dilatation of the cist
ernae of rough endoplasmic reticulum and loss of cell junctions. These
features are closely similar to those of true malignancy described in
humans and other mammals.