AUSCULTATION REVISITED - THE WAVE-FORM AND SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BREATH SOUNDS DURING GENERAL-ANESTHESIA

Although auscultation is commonly used as a continuous monitoring tool during anesthesia, the breath sounds of anesthetized patients have ne ver been systematically studied. In this investigation we used digital audio technology to record and analyze the breath sounds of 14 health y adult patients receiving general anesthesia with positive pressure v entilation. Sounds recorded from inside the esophagus were compared to those recorded from the surface of the chest, and corresponding airfl ow was measured with a pneumotachograph. The sound samples associated with inspiratory and expiratory phases were analyzed in the time domai n (RMS amplitude) and frequency domain (peak frequency, spectral edge, and power ratios). There was a positive linear correlation (R-2 > 0.9 ) between inspiratory flow and sound amplitude in the precordial and e sophageal samples of all patients. The RMS amplitude of the inspirator y and expiratory sounds was approximately 13 times greater when record ed from inside the esophagus than from the surface of the chest in all patients at all flows (p < 0.001). The peak frequency (Hz) was signif icantly higher in the esophageal recordings than the precordial sample s (298 +/- 9 vs 181 +/- 10, P < 0.0001), as was the 97% spectral edge (Hz) (740 +/- 7 vs 348 +/- 16, P < 0.0001). In the adult population es ophageal stethoscopes yield higher frequencies and greater amplitude t han precordial stethoscopes. Quantification of lung sounds may provide for improved monitoring and diagnostic capability during anesthesia a nd surgery.