INVESTIGATION ON THE FREQUENCY OF CHLAMYDIA SP. INFECTIONS IN TITS (PARIDAE)

A total of 788 cloacal and pharyngeal swabs were taken from 399 free-l iving, clinically healthy tits. Ten nestlings were examined by cloacal swabs only. Additionally, six dead tits were necropsied and various o rgans were collected for testing. All swabs and organ samples were tes ted for Chlamydia. Chlamydia sp. was detected by immunofluorescence wi th FITC-conjugated monoclonal antibodies after 90 h incubation on Buff alo-Green-Monkey (BGM) cell cultures at 37 degrees C. Fifty-four per c ent of 399 tits examined were Chlamydia positive. Chlamydia was detect ed in 154 of 399 pharyngeal swabs (39%) and in 144 of 389 cloacal swab s (37%). Blue tits (Parus caeruleus) were most frequently Chlamydia po sitive (70%), followed by great tits (Parus major) with 53% and marsh tits (Parus palustris) with 38%. No significant relationship was estab lished between Chlamydia detection and time of the year, age, sex or s ize of birds at the time of sampling. Tits examined two or three times were intermittent shedders. Four of the 10 tit nestlings (Parus major ) examined were already Chlamydia positive at the age of 10 days. Chla mydia was detected in four of six necropsied tits. The necropsies show ed that all of the positive tits were cachectic. The livers of three o f the four positive tits were pathologically changed and splenomegaly was observed in two of the four. No CEF (chick embryo fibroblast)-path ogenic viruses and no bacteria were found in these animals. This indic ates that chlamydiosis was the only cause of death. Two of the Chlamyd ia sp. isolates from the dead tits produced cytopathic effects (cpe) i n BGM cell cultures. These cytopathic isolates may be more virulent th an the isolates from healthy tits, which did not cause visible alterat ions in BGM cell cultures. The results of this study and the frequent shedding of Chlamydia in healthy tits prove that most tits intermitten tly shed Chlamydia sp. as latent carriers, but that lethal Chlamydia i nfections can also occur in tits.