NEUROBIOLOGY OF PANIC DISORDER

Various provocative agents, including sodium lactate, carbon dioxide ( CO2), caffeine, yohimbine, serotoninergic agents, and cholecystokinin (CCK), have been utilized as panicogenics in studies on healthy volunt eers as well as in panic disorder patients. An overview of the utiliza tion of these agents to study the neurobiology of panic disorder is pr esented. The possible roles of several neurotransmitters and neuromodu lators in the etiology of panic disorder and in the actions of drugs u sed in its treatment are also discussed. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc .