B. Mcdougall et al., DICAFFEOYLQUINIC AND DICAFFEOYLTARTARIC ACIDS ARE SELECTIVE INHIBITORS OF HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1 INTEGRASE, Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 42(1), 1998, pp. 140-146
Current pharmacological agents for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
infection include drugs targeted against HIV reverse transcriptase and
HIV protease. An understudied therapeutic target is HIV integrase, an
essential enzyme that mediates integration of the HIV genome into the
host chromosome. The dicaffeoylquinic acids (DCQAs) and the dicaffeoy
ltartaric acids (DCTAs) have potent activity against HIV integrase in
vitro and prevent HIV replication in tissue culture. However, their sp
ecificity against HIV integrase in cell culture has been questioned. T
hus, the ability of the DCQAs and DCTAs to inhibit binding of HIV type
1 (HIV-1) gp120 to CD4 and their activities against HIV-I reverse tra
nscriptase and HIV RNase H were studied. The DCQAs and DCTAs inhibited
HIV-1 integrase at concentrations between 150 and 840 nM. They inhibi
ted HIV replication at concentrations between 2 and 12 mu M. Their act
ivity against reverse transcriptase ranged from 7 mu M to greater than
100 mu M. Concentrations that inhibited gp120 binding to CD4 exceeded
80 mu M. None of the compounds blocked HIV-1 RNase H by 50% at concen
trations exceeding 80 mu M. Furthermore, when the effects of the DCTAs
on reverse transcription in acutely infected cells were measured, the
y were found to have no activity. Therefore, the DCQAs and DCTAs exhib
it >10- to >100-fold specificity for HIV integrase, and their activity
against integrase in biochemical assays is consistent with their obse
rved anti-HIV activity in tissue culture. Thus, the DCQAs and DCTAs ar
e a potentially important class of HIV inhibitors that act at a site d
istinct from that of current HIV therapeutic agents.