MATHEMATICAL-MODEL OF THE HUMAN JAW SYSTEM SIMULATING STATIC BITING AND MOVEMENTS AFTER UNLOADING

When the resistance to a forceful isometric bite is suddenly removed i n unloading experiments, the bite force drops to zero and the mandible reaches a constant velocity. This occurs at an initial bite force of 100 N after similar to 12 ms when the incisors have moved 4.5 mm. Refl ex activity is far too slow to limit the velocity at impact. To explor e the influence of other factors (cocontraction, force-length properti es, and force-velocity properties of the muscles) on the velocity at i mpact, a numerical forward dynamic model of the jaw system is formulat ed. Unloading experiments in different experimental conditions were si mulated with the model. Most parameter values of the model are based o n physiological data, both from literature and a data basis from a hum an cadaver study. Other parameter values were found by optimally fitti ng the model results to data from the unloading experiments. The model analysis shows that the limitation of the jaw velocity mainly may be due to the force-velocity properties of the jaw-closing muscles. Force -length properties of the jaw muscles hardly contribute to the impact velocity. The compliance of tendinous sheets in the jaw muscles is unf avorable for the reduction in impact velocity, whereas cocontraction o f jaw-opening and -closing muscles helps to limit impact velocity. The force-velocity properties of the muscles provide a quick mechanism fo r dealing with unexpected closing movements and so avoid damage to the dental elements.