This article describes the development of electronic receivers used to
obtain precise measurements of Transit satellite signals such as Dopp
ler shift, satellite ephemeris, and timing information. These measurem
ents were used to determine past and future orbits of the satellites a
t fixed locations as well as navigation positions for receivers in sub
marines and ships and at other sites in an Earth-fixed coordinate syst
em. The measurements were based on the best available standards of tim
e and frequency.