NEONATAL EARLY-ONSET ESCHERICHIA-COLI DISEASE - THE EFFECT OF INTRAPARTUM AMPICILLIN

Background: Maternal intrapartum ampicillin has been recommended for t he prevention of neonatal group B streptococcal disease. Objectives: T o assess the effect of this practice, if any, on neonatal early-onset Escherichia coli infection and to delineate the clinical characteristi cs of infected neonates. Patients and Methods: All neonates with early -onset E coli infection who were born at Cook County Children's Hospit al, Chicago, Ill, from January 1, 1982, through December 31, 1993, wer e identified from a microbiological register of all neonatal bacteremi as and infections. Because intrapartum ampicillin use increased in our hospital since 1988, infection and case fatality rates from 1982 thro ugh 1987 (period 1) were compared with data from 1988 through 1993 (pe riod 2). We studied maternal risk factors, clinical characteristics of infected neonates, and microbiological sensitivities of E coli isolat es. Results: Early-onset E coli infection was diagnosed in 30 of 61 49 8 live births. The overall infection rate (0.49 per 1000 live births) did not change significantly during the 2 time periods (0.37 per 1000 live births during period 1 vs 0.62 per 1000 live births during period 2, P=.21; chi(2) test); however, there was an increase in the infecti on rate in neonates weighing between 1501 and 2500 g. Infected neonate s had a clinical syndrome that was indistinguishable from early-onset group B streptococcal infection; respiratory distress was the single m ost frequent finding in 73% (22/30) infected neonates. An increase in the proportion of infections caused by ampicillin-resistant E coli was observed during period 2 (12/18) compared with period 1 (3/12, P=.03; Fisher exact test). During period 2, 61% (11/18) of mothers of infect ed neonates received intrapartum ampicillin compared with 17% (2/12; P =.02) during period 1. Overall, a higher proportion of neonates born t o ampicillin-treated women had ampicillin-resistant infection (12/13 v s 3/17; P<.001). Mothers of 10 of 15 neonates with ampicillin-resistan t infection had received more than 2 doses of intrapartum ampicillin. The difference between the prevalence df intrapartum fever in mothers with sensitive organisms (40%, or 6/15) and resistant organisms (93%, or 14/15) was also significant (P=.003). All 6 early-onset E coli-rela ted deaths were due to ampicillin-resistant organisms; 4 of the 6 moth ers received intrapartum ampicillin. Conclusions: We have shown a shif t of early-onset E coli infection from a less fulminant disease caused by ampicillin-sensitive organisms to a more fulminant disease caused by ampicillin-resistant organisms. Increased use of maternal intrapart um ampicillin therapy may account for these changes. In the absence of evidence for group B streptococcal disease, clinicians should conside r the possibility of ampicillin-resistant E coli infection in critical ly ill neonates born to women with a history of intrapartum fever and treatment with intrapartum ampicillin.