Bw. Camp et al., MATERNAL AND NEONATAL RISK-FACTORS FOR MENTAL-RETARDATION - DEFINING THE AT-RISK CHILD, Early human development, 50(2), 1998, pp. 159-173
Objective: To determine how mental retardation at age seven is related
to certain maternal, perinatal, and neonatal characteristics. Method:
A sample of 35704 children followed from the prenatal period to age 7
years in the Collaborative Perinatal Project provided data on nine ma
ternal and pregnancy characteristics and 12 neonatal factors. Results:
Low socioeconomic status of the family (SES) accounted for 44-50% of
mental retardation and a low level of maternal education accounted for
20%. Other prenatal factors with significantly elevated relative risk
s, (P < 0.05) were maternal IQ score less than 70, weight gain in preg
nancy less than 10 pounds and multiple birth. Maternal anemia in pregn
ancy accounted for 14% of mental retardation in blacks, and, urinary t
ract infections accounted for 6% of mental retardation in whites. Sign
ificant elevations in relative risk were found for major genetic and p
ost-infection syndromes, CNS malformations, cerebral palsy, seizures,
abnormal movements or tone, and low birth weight. Relative risk was al
so significantly increased with low 1 minute APGAR, primary apnea, and
head circumference and length more than 2 SD below average but only i
n the low SES black subgroup, Conclusion: Early developmental events c
an be ranked on the basis of the strength of their association with me
ntal retardation and such rankings can be used as a guide for defining
risk status in early infancy. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.