Chromatin is a dynamic material; chromatin structures can repress tran
scription and their remodeling accompanies activation. Recent biochemi
cal studies in Drosophila have revealed three multi-protein complexes
with ATP-dependent chromatin restructuring activities. Although all co
ntain the ATPase ISWI, their properties in vitro are markedly differen
t, distinct from SWI-SNF and reveal intriguing connections to both tra
nscription and chromatin assembly.