AN APPLICATION OF STAFFORD AND WARRS RECONCEPTUALIZATION OF DETERRENCE TO DRINKING AND DRIVING

In a recent restatement of the deterrence doctrine Stafford and Warr ( 1993) argued that deterrence is felt through a mixture of personal and vicarious experiences with punishment and the avoidance of punishment . An implication of the premise that persons may be affected by both w hat they directly experience and what they only indirectly experience through others is that they may be influenced by both general and spec ific deterrence mechanisms. In an empirical test of this reconceptuali zation, the authors found that persons' expressed intentions to drink and drive are affected by (1) personal and vicarious experiences and ( 2) punishment and punishment avoidance. Strong deterrent effects were found for the perceived certainty of punishment that is directed at on e's self The authors also found that moral beliefs that prohibit drunk driving are an effective source of inhibition. In addition, the socia l control of drunk driving seems to operate equally well for men and w omen.