I examined how male competition and female choice influence the evolut
ion of multiple male traits in the yellow-browed leaf warbler, Phyllos
copus inornatus, by investigating the roles of colour patches, territo
ry size, body weight and song rate in sexual selection. Comparison of
3 years of observational studies and 3 years of experimental studies,
in which the colour patches on the wings of males were experimentally
altered, suggest several mechanisms that may explain the evolution of
multiple characters in males. First, females based their choice of mat
es on several male characters, not a single character. Second, the mal
e characters preferred by females were different in observational and
experimental studies. Females apparently preferred high-quality males
as mates, and were able to vary the characters used in mate choice to
distinguish these individuals under both experimental and observationa
l conditions. Third, the characters important in male competition diff
ered from those that formed the basis of female choice: the manipulati
on of colour patch size directly affected male territory size but was
not associated with female choice. These results may provide an explan
ation for the diversity of sexual ornaments shown by males of many spe
cies. (C) 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.