The cellular basis of immunological memory has been reassessed in the
light of recent evidence identifying two types of CD4(+) memory T cell
. Here, Eric Bell and colleagues argue that two crucial components of
memory - rapid recall and long life - belong not to one but to two dis
tinct subsets of CD4(+) memory T cells: the CD45R(lo) and CD45R(hi) su
bsets, respectively. Importantly, only the CD45R(lo) subset depends on
persisting antigen.