AN OVERVIEW OF SOME ADVANCED SURFACE TECHNOLOGY IN RUSSIA

It is well known that the areas of technology pursued in the former So viet Union differ from those studied in the West. This is particularly true in surface technology,where the applications of charged particle s are in a very advanced phase. In the present work, developments in t hree areas are reviewed: cathodic are technology, ion implantation, an d pulsed intense electron and ion beams. In the first section, a catho de design needing no insulation is described as well as an efficient m ethod of macroparticle filtering. In the second section, ion implantat ion is discussed in terms of advanced gas and metal ion sources, plasm a ion implantation, high penetration implantation, and the so-called ' 'long-range effect'' of hardening at depth. Finally, explosive emissio n and its application to pulsed intense electron and ion sources is pr esented together with practical applications in Russia.