Missing data has been a problem in many quality of life studies. This
paper focuses upon the issues involved in handling forms which contain
one or more missing items, and reviews the alternative procedures. On
e of the most widely practised approaches is imputation using the mean
of all observed items in the same subscale. This, together with the r
elated estimation of the subscale score, is based upon traditional psy
chometric approaches to scale design and analysis. We show that it may
be an inappropriate method for many of the items in quality of life q
uestionnaires, and would result in biased or misleading estimates. We
provide examples of items and subscales which violate the psychometric
foundations that underpin simple mean imputation. A checklist is prop
osed for examining the adequacy of simple imputation, and some alterna
tive procedures are indicated. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.