Our nation's health care has been undergoing an economic revolution. T
he practice of urology has not escaped. Speculation regarding the econ
omics of urologic practice in the twenty-first century must be based o
n the continuation of policy trends begun over the last decade by gove
rnment and managed care coupled with the impact of changes in the scie
nce of urology, shifting population demographics, and changing social
factors. The hallmarks of the years ahead include increased physician
accountability, expanded use of clinical care guidelines, continued re
lentless penetration of managed care, and reduced reimbursement for su
rgical services.