THYROID-HORMONES AND CYTOGENETIC OUTCOMES IN BACKPACK SPRAYERS USING ETHYLENEBIS(DITHIOCARBAMATE) (EBDC) FUNGICIDES IN MEXICO

Ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) (EBDC) fungicides are used heavily in the United States. EBDCs (e.g., mancozeb, maneb) are metabolized to ethyl ene thiourea (ETU). The EPA classifies ETU as a carcinogen, based on t hyroid and other cancers in rodents, and has restricted the use of EBD Cs, while requiring workers to use protective equipment. There are no data on the potential carcinogenicity of EBDCs in humans, and there is only one study on human genotoxicity. ETU is known to cause decreases of thyroxine (T-4) and increases in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in rodents. We have studied cytogenetic outcomes and serum thyroid ho rmone levels among 49 heavily exposed workers without protective equip ment spraying EBDC on tomatoes in Mexico. We also studied 14 lightly e xposed landowners and 31 nonexposed controls. Urinary ETU was used to compare exposure between groups. We found an increase in TSH (p = 0.05 ) among applicators compared to controls, but no decrease in thyroid h ormone (T-4). We found increases in sister chromatid exchange (p = 0.0 3) and in chromosome translocations (chromosome aberrations that persi st through cell division) for applicators compared to controls (p 0.05 ). However, the subset of reciprocal translocations showed a lesser in crease (p = 0.24). Our data suggest that EBDCs affect the thyroid glan d and the lymphocyte genome among heavily exposed workers. However, ou r data are limited to subclinical outcomes, are of borderline statisti cal significance, and should he interpreted with caution.