USE OF BIOSOLIDS IN THE FOREST - TECHNOLOGY, ECONOMICS AND REGULATIONS

Biosolids represent a major waste by-product From society that must be managed in responsible ways. Because of its high nutrient and organic matter content, biosolids can be beneficially recycled into forest si tes for site improvement purposes. Research to date on forest applicat ion of biosolids has clearly demonstrated the validity of this managem ent technique. Since the early 1970s, many aspects of biosolids use in forests have been investigated, leading to the development of applica tion techniques, operations and management practices, and assessment o f environmental impacts. Growth response measurements suggest that, de pending upon the actual transportation cost, there is a high potential that the additional growth will either offset or exceed the costs of applications. To supplement technological advances and documentation o f benefits, new regulations, based on technically sound exposure risk assessment, and guidelines describe the framework for proper managemen t practices. These will often include recommendations for site selecti on, site design and sire plans. This paper describes the major advance s in technology, economics and regulations that have made the forest a n attractive alternative for biosolids use. (C) 1998 Published by Else vier Science Ltd.