AGGRESSORS OR VICTIMS - GENDER AND RACE IN MUSIC VIDEO VIOLENCE

Objective. To examine portrayals of violence in popular music videos f or patterns of aggression and victimization by gender and race. Design and Setting. Content analysis of 518 music videos broadcast over nati onal music television networks, Black Entertainment Television (BET), Country Music Television (CMT), Music Television (MTV), and Video Hits -1 (VH-1) during a 4-week period at randomly selected times of high ad olescent viewership. Main Outcome Measures. Differences in the genders and races portrayed as aggressors and victims in acts of violence. Re sults. Seventy-six (14.7%) of the analyzed music videos contained port rayals of individuals engaging in overt interpersonal violence, with a mean of 6.1 violent acts per violence-containing video. Among the 462 acts of violence, the music video's main character was clearly the ag gressor in 80.1% and the victim in 17.7%. In 391 (84.6%) of the violen ce portrayals, the gender of the aggressor or victim could be determin ed. Male gender was significantly associated with aggression; aggresso rs were 78.1% male, whereas victims were 46.3% female. This relationsh ip was influenced by race. Among whites, 72.0% of the aggressors were male and 78.3% of the victims were female. Although blacks represent 1 2% of the United States population, they were aggressors in 25.0% and victims in 41.0% of music video violence. Controlling for gender, raci al differences were significant among males; 29.0% of aggressors and 7 5.0% of victims were black. A logistic regression model did not find d irect effects for gender and race, but revealed a significant interact ion effect indicating that the differences between blacks and whites w ere not the same for both genders. Black males were more likely than a ll others to be portrayed as victims of violence (adjusted odds ratio = 28.16, 95% confidence interval = 8.19, 84.94). Conclusions. Attracti ve role models were aggressors in more than 80% of music video violenc e. Males and females were victims with equivalent frequency, but males were more than three times as likely to be aggressors. Compared with United States demographics, blacks were overrepresented as aggressors and victims, whereas whites were underrepresented. White females were most frequently victims. Music videos may be reinforcing false stereot ypes of aggressive black males and victimized white females. These obs ervations raise concern for the effect of music videos on adolescents' normative expectations about conflict resolution, race, and male-fema le relationships.