WHOLE-MANTLE VERSUS LAYERED MANTLE CONVECTION AND THE ROLE OF A HIGH-VISCOSITY LOWER MANTLE IN TERRESTRIAL VOLATILE EVOLUTION

Terrestrial noble gas isotope geochemistry provides one of the most po werful geochemical tools presently available for understanding the vol atile evolution of the Earth. The data require the existence of isolat ed reservoirs with very different time integrated U/He ratios within d iscrete portions of the mantle. One mechanism proposed to account for the apparent isolation is a high-viscosity lower mantle. We have condu cted numerical experiments to study the influence of a higher viscosit y lower mantle on the mixing efficiency of mantle convection and the r ate of mantle degassing. We consider cylindrical mantle convection mod els in which the lower mantle viscosity is increased to up to two orde rs of magnitude higher than that of the upper mantle, while maintainin g the overall vigor of convection as measured by the total surface hea t flow. The models incorporate radiogenic ingrowth and degassing of He . We show with models that match the present day heat flow that the hi gh viscosity of the lower mantle alone does not prevent large-scale mi xing of the mantle. Both He-3 and He-3/He-4 remain relatively homogene ous through the entire mantle, showing only small-scale heterogeneity Degassing is more rapid in the case of the high-viscosity lower mantle . Present day plate velocities, heat flow and estimates for the amount of degassed radiogenic noble gases over the age of the Earth are best matched by the model with a 30-times increase of viscosity in the low er mantle. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.