THE AGRONOMIC EFFECTIVENESS OF REACTIVE PHOSPHATE ROCKS 3 - A COMPARISON OF APPLICATION STRATEGIES FOR SOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS AND REACTIVE PHOSPHATE ROCK FERTILIZERS

An investigation into the effectiveness of large (up to 80 kg P/ha), s ingle dressings (capital applications) of different phosphorus (P) fer tilisers, compared with smaller annual applications, was undertaken in the National Reactive Phosphate Rock Project. Yield comparisons were made at 23 permanent pasture sites across Australia using triple super phosphate, the highly reactive North Carolina phosphate rock and a par tially acidulated form of North Carolina rock. Over 4 years, 19 of 23 sites showed no significant reduction in mean annual pasture yield wit h a single, large dressing applied in year 1 only, compared with an eq uivalent amount of total P applied in 4 annual applications. At a site in North Queensland, where the initial soil P level was very low, the large year-1 application of each fertiliser resulted in increased pas ture production over that obtained from smaller annual applications be cause of increased pasture production in the early years. This amounte d to an annual increase of between 1500 and 3000 kg dry matter/ha for the capital application strategy. The effectiveness of capital applica tions depended on soil, pasture and climatic conditions, and on the ty pe of P fertiliser. Soil and environmental factors which appear to be important in determining the effect of capital applications are whethe r soils allow leaching of P (a function of rainfall and texture), whet her they are P-sorbing (a function of clay content and soil mineralogy ), the soil P content and how quickly it is being utilised by the past ure. Capital applications can be considered where P is not leached fro m the soil profile or where P sorption is low, and are most effective where soil P is low and there is a responsive pasture species present. Capital applications of water-soluble P fertiliser should not be cons idered on free-draining, low P-absorbing soils. Average annual pasture dry matter losses of about 2000 kg/ha occurred with a capital applica tion of triple superphosphate compared with annual applications, at on e such site in Tasmania. North Carolina phosphate rock was found to be the most effective P fertiliser for large capital applications, espec ially on free-draining, low P-absorbing soils.