Major depression is one of the most common psychiatric problems compli
cating the treatment and prognosis of patients with active medical ill
ness. Recognizing and treating major depressive conditions in this pop
ulation can often be challenging, even for the most seasoned clinician
s, This article reviews the medical and neurologic conditions that hav
e been associated with the high prevalence rates of major depression,
Highlights of the evaluation process that help confirm this suspected
diagnosis are addressed, and management issues are discussed. Brief re
views of supportive psychotherapeutic tools that the clinician may fin
d helpful are included, as well as current advances in pharmacologic i
nterventions.