Gene targeting in mice has enabled the study of antigen receptor signa
lling in primary lymphocytes. Furthermore, it has provided the tools t
o directly assess the function of individual signalling proteins by mu
tation of the genes that code for them. Some of the results that gene
targeting has produced have confirmed previous views of the function o
f particular proteins. Others have given surprising results and overtu
rned accepted viewpoints, (C) Current Biology Ltd ISSN 0955-0674.