Significant advances in our understanding of intracellular signal tran
sduction pathways have emerged within the past several years. It is no
w apparent that, under certain circumstances, particular isoforms of R
as can be prenylated by geranylgeranyl protein transferase as well as
farnesyl protein transferase. New pathways controlling growth factor-d
ependent inhibition of apoptosis involving phosphoinositide 3'-hydroxy
kinase and the protein kinase Akt have also been clarified. (C) Curren
t Biology Ltd ISSN 0955-0674.