M. Sagi et al., NITRATE REDUCTASE, PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE, AND GLUTAMINE-SYNTHETASE IN ANNUAL RYEGRASS AS AFFECTED BY SALINITY AND NITROGEN, Journal of plant nutrition, 21(4), 1998, pp. 707-723
The concentration of organic acids, organic nitrogen (N), nitrate (NO3
), and total cations increased in annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum
Lam.) with salinity and N concentration in the growth medium. Increasi
ng salinity and N in the growth medium induced changes in the level of
key enzymes of N assimilation and organic acids: nitrate reductase (N
R, EC 1.6.6.1), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPc, EC 4.1.1.31), a
nd glutamine synthetase (GS, EC 6.3.1.2). Plants grown in pots filled
with sand were irrigated with nutrient solutions with an electroconduc
tivity of 2 or 11.2 dS m(-1) and N applied as ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3
), sodium nitrate (NaNO3), or ammonium applied as ammonium nitrate (NH
4NO3), sodium nitrate (NaNO3), or ammonium (NH4) as ammonium sulfate [
(NH4)(2)SO4] at concentrations of 0.5, 4.5 or 9.0 mM. Nitrate reductas
e, PEPc, and GS increased with salinity and N level. Shoot NR was high
est in the presence of NH4NO3 irrespective of salinity level, while ro
ot NR activity responded best to NO3. Enhancement of PEPc activity in
both shoots and roots was highest with NH4NO3 and lowest with NH4. Nit
rogen source had no significant effect on GS activity in shoots or roo
ts of ryegrass. Shoot NR activity increased with NO3 concentration in
the tissue, as calculated from repression coefficients. The PEPc activ
ity correlated positively with total cations and NO3 concentrations in
the plants, irrespective of the salinity level, suggesting that the i
ncrease in total cations and NO3 induced by salinity may have triggere
d the changes in enzyme activities. The concentration of organic acids
in both shoots and roots correlated positively with PEPc activity irr
espectively of the salinity level. The PEPc activity was higher in roo
ts than in shoots, while organic acid concentration was higher in shoo
ts. These results suggest that a significant part of the organic acids
produced in the roots were used as carbon skeleton for transamination
reactions. The increased activity of NR, PEPc, and GS in roots may co
nstitute part of an adaptation strategy of the plant to increasing sal
inity in the medium. These enzymes have an important role in the metab
olism of amino acids and the synthesis of organic N in annual ryegrass
irrigated with saline water, and boosting them with suitable N fertil
izers could increase the nutritional value and protein content of the
crop.