Jl. Barlow et Hy. Zha, GROWTH IN GAUSSIAN-ELIMINATION, ORTHOGONAL MATRICES, AND THE 2-NORM, SIAM journal on matrix analysis and applications, 19(3), 1998, pp. 807-815
It is shown that maximal growth for Gaussian elimination with partial
pivoting as measured in the 2-norm is achieved by orthogonal matrices.
A precise bound on that growth is given.