R. Laura et M. Castagnino, FUNCTIONAL-APPROACH FOR QUANTUM-SYSTEMS WITH CONTINUOUS-SPECTRUM, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics, 57(4), 1998, pp. 3948-3961
Considering quantum states as functionals acting on observables to giv
e their mean values, it is possible to deal with quantum systems with
continuous spectrum, generalizing the concept of trace. Generalized ob
servables and states are defined for a quantum oscillator linearly cou
pled to a scalar field, and the analytic expression for time evolution
is obtained. The ''final'' state (t-->infinity) is presented as a wea
k limit. Finite and infinite numbers of excited modes of the field are
considered.