EVALUATION OF A BONES IN-VIVO 24-HOUR LOADING HISTORY FOR PHYSICAL EXERCISE COMPARED WITH BACKGROUND LOADING

The present study sought to answer two research questions. First, how distinctive, as a potential osteogenic stimulus, are short-duration bo uts of treadmill exercise relative to sedentary background activity? S econd, how well does daily effective strain stimulus relate the loadin g history for one such exercise program, in comparison with other expe rimental loading programs, to bone formation? In vivo cortical strains were measured in the tibiotarsus of White Leghorn chickens at a late stage of skeletal growth (14-34 weeks old) under the conditions of a p revious investigation of bone formation in response to an exercise pro gram (15 min/day treadmill gait at 60% maximum speed while carrying 20 % body mass) that included sedentary background activity. These strain data were compiled into 24-hour loading histories of peak cyclic stra in, demonstrating that strains were statistically different for exerci se and background activities (p < 0.0001), with both the magnitude and number of cyclic strain events being greater during exercise (general ly greater than 500 microstrain, 2,500 cycles/day) than during backgro und activity (generally less than 500 microstrain, mean: 775 cycles/da y). Strains during exercise accounted for more than 97% of the daily e ffective strain stimulus for bone adaptation, despite the fact that ex ercise comprised only 1% of the daily period (15 min/day). The levels of the daily effective strain stimulus were similar to those calculate d for strains engendered by artificial loading of functionally isolate d avian ulnae, which either maintained bone mass or resulted in a 15% increase of cortical cross-sectional area in both sets of studies. The se results indicate that short-duration bouts of treadmill exercise an d sedentary background activity can represent distinct osteogenic stim uli for adaptive bone modeling. They also provide experimental support for the use of a daily effective strain stimulus to quantify skeletal loading histories for differing programs of physical exercise. althou gh the relative importance of other mechanical and nonmechanical facto rs requires further investigation.