COMPARISON OF IMAGE-ANALYSIS, EXERTION FORCE, AND BEHAVIOR MEASUREMENTS FOR USE IN THE ASSESSMENT OF BEEF-CATTLE RESPONSES TO HOT-IRON AND FREEZE BRANDING

Thirty-three steers (328 +/- 2 kg) from a total of 300 animals were ra ndomly selected for a comparison of techniques designed to quantify th e behavioral response to painful procedures. The steers were randomly assigned to freeze-branding, (F), hot-iron branding (H), and sham bran ding (S) treatments. The responses of all steers were videotaped to qu antify the amount and intensity of head movements during branding. In addition, the force that steers exerted on the headgate and squeeze ch ute during branding was recorded using strain gauges and load cells. B ehaviors believed to be indicative of pain (tail-flicking, kicking, fa lling, and vocalizing) were also recorded during branding. These techn iques were compared for their effectiveness in measuring behavioral re sponses of steers during branding. Hot-iron-branded steers had greater maximum and average head movement distances and velocities than F or S steers (P < .05), and F steers only had greater maximum values than S animals (P < .05). The maximum exertion forces obtained from headgat e load cells were also greater in H than in F or S steers (P < .05); h owever, no differences were observed between H and F treatments for sq ueeze load cell or headgate strain gauge data. Hot-iron-branded steers had the greatest incidence of tail-flicks, kicks, falls in the chute, and vocalizations, and S steers had the least. Results indicate that H steers experienced more discomfort at the time of branding than F an d S steers, whereas F steers experienced more discomfort than shams. I mage analysis was a superior technique for detecting treatment differe nces compared with exertion force measurements and frequency counts of tail-flicks, kicks, falls, and vocalization during branding.