A. Moran et al., A GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR DERIVING SYMMETRICAL EXPRESSIONS FOR THE SECANT AND TANGENT STIFFNESS MATRICES IN FINITE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS, International journal for numerical methods in engineering, 42(2), 1998, pp. 219-236
The paper presents a general and straightforward procedure based on th
e use of the strain energy density for deriving symmetric expressions
of the secant and tangent stiffness matrices for finite element analys
is of geometrically non-linear structural problems. The analogy with p
reviously proposed methods for deriving secant and tangent matrices is
detailed. The simplicity of the approach is shown in an example of ap
plication. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.