A 25-YEAR REVIEW OF THE ACUTE SCROTUM IN CHILDREN

Controversy persists with regard to the diagnosis and treatment of the acute scrotum in children. The differential diagnosis includes torsio n of the testis, torsion of one of the appendices testis and epididymo -orchitis. Clinical differentiation is notoriously difficult and our p olicy has been to explore the scrotum of all who present with signs of an acute scrotum. The medical records of 199 boys aged less than 13 y ears who presented with an acute scrotum at Red Cross War Memorial Chi ldren's Hospital in Cape Town during the period 1970-1996 were retrosp ectively reviewed. Diagnosis was made clinically in all cases. Sixty-t wo boys (31%) were found on exploration to have torsion of the testis (mean age 6.3 years), the left side being affecting 2.5 times more fre quently than the right (1 neonate had bilateral torsion), 62 (31%) had torsion of testicular appendages and 56 (28%) had epididymo-orchitis. Nineteen were grouped separately and 13 (6.5%) of these were treated conservatively. Boys needing an orchidectomy (N = 38) for testicular t orsion presented three times later than those who did not (48 v. 16.5 hours). Successful conservation of the testis was directly related to the time interval of symptom development and surgical derotation. Boys with torsion of a testicular appendage presented later (mean 51 hours ) and were older (mean 10 years) than boys in the other two groups. Th ose with epididymo-orchitis were younger (mean 3.3 years) and 40% were younger than 1 year. Only in one-third was there any clinical support ive evidence of the diagnosis, Surgical complications were infrequent. We advocate expedient surgical exploration and derotation with contra lateral orchidopexy, since clinical differentiation between torsion of the testis, testicular appendages and epididymo-orchitis is inexact, even with highly specialised investigation such as Doppler ultrasound and radionuclide scanning, which may not be widely available, may dela y definitive treatment and suggest a lack of urgency where time is of the essence. The acute scrotum of childhood is a common surgical emerg ency.(1) Testicular torsion is thought to be the most frequent cause a nd always requires urgent surgical exploration and derotation, as the viability of:he twisted testis is directly proportianal to the time in terval between symptom development and surgical intervention.(2) There is, however, still controversy about the methods of diagnosis: clinic al versus Doppler ultrasound and radio-isotope scanning and management : mandatory as opposed to selective surgical exploration; and orchidec tomy versus conservation of the strangulated testis.(2-7).