Preliminary studies have found cognitive therapy to be a promising tre
atment for personality disorder patients. Therapy is based on an indiv
idualized formulation of the case and is generally much more complex a
nd potentially more lengthy than the treatment for patients with Axis
I disorders alone. Modifications of treatment include a greater focus
on the therapeutic relationship, increased emphasis on developmental e
vents, variations in session structure, and utilization of specialized
strategies to alter dysfunctional beliefs and compensatory behavioral
strategies.