J. Singh et al., THE ROLE OF POLAR INTERACTIONS IN THE MOLECULAR RECOGNITION OF CD40L WITH ITS RECEPTOR CD40, Protein science, 7(5), 1998, pp. 1124-1135
CD40 Ligand (CD40L) is transiently expressed on the surface of T-cells
and binds to CD40, which is expressed on the surface of B-cells. This
binding event leads to the differentiation, proliferation, and isotyp
e switching of the B-cells. The physiological importance of CD40L has
been demonstrated by the fact that expression of defective CD40L prote
in causes an immunodeficiency state characterized by high IgM and low
IgG serum levels, indicating faulty T-cell dependent B-cell activation
. To understand the structural basis for CD40L/CD40 association, we ha
ve used a combination of molecular modeling, mutagenesis, and X-ray cr
ystallography. The structure of the extracellular region of CD40L was
determined by protein crystallography, while the CD40 receptor was bui
lt using homology modeling based upon a novel alignment of the TNF rec
eptor superfamily, and using the X-ray structure of the TNF receptor a
s a template. The model shows that the interface of the complex is com
posed of charged residues, with CD40L presenting basic side chains (K1
43, R203, R207), and CD40 presenting acidic side chains (D84, E114, E1
17). These residues were studied experimentally through site-directed
mutagenesis, and also theoretically using electrostatic calculations w
ith the program Delphi. The mutagenesis data explored the role of the
charged residues in both CD40L and CD40 by switching to Ala (K143A, R2
03A, R207A of CD40L, and E74A, D84A, E114A, E117A of CD40), charge rev
ersal (K143E, R203E, R207E of CD40L, and D84R, E114R, E117R of CD40),
mutation to a polar residue (K143N, R207N, R207Q of C340L, and D84N, E
117N of CD40), and for the basic side chains in CD40L, isosteric subst
itution to a hydrophobic side chain (R203M, R207M). All the charge-rev
ersal mutants and the majority of the Met and Ala substitutions led to
loss of binding, suggesting that charged interactions stabilize the c
omplex. This was supported by the Delphi calculations which confirmed
that the CD40/CD40L residue pairs E74-R203, D84-R207, and E117-R207 ha
d a net stabilizing effect on the complex. However, the substitution o
f hydrophilic side chains at several of the positions was tolerated, w
hich suggests that although charged interactions stabilize the complex
, charge per se is not crucial at all positions. Finally, we compared
the electrostatic surface of TNF/TNFR with CD40L/CD40 and have identif
ied a set of polar interactions surrounded by a wall of hydrophobic re
sidues that appear to be similar but inverted between the two complexe
s.