SPECTROSCOPY OF ELECTRONS, IONS, AND METASTABLE PARTICLES FROM CRYOGENIC LAYERS WITH A TIME-OF-FLIGHT DEVICE

A time-of-flight apparatus is used to detect electrons, ions, metastab le particles and fluorescence photons ejected by electronic excitation s from thin films condensed on surfaces. By selected examples it is sh own that many aspects of electronic excitation, electronic transport, and electronically induced reactions can be conveniently studied with this instrument.