M. Stumvoll et al., HUMAN KIDNEY AND LIVER GLUCONEOGENESIS - EVIDENCE FOR ORGAN SUBSTRATESELECTIVITY, American journal of physiology: endocrinology and metabolism, 37(5), 1998, pp. 817-826
To assess the contribution of the human kidney to gluconeogenesis (GN)
and its role in conversion of glutamine and alanine to glucose, we us
ed a combination of isotopic and organ balance techniques in nine norm
al postabsorptive volunteers and measured both overall and renal incor
poration of these precursors into glucose before and after infusion of
epinephrine. In the postabsorptive basal state, renal incorporation o
f glutamine (27 +/- 2 mu mol/min) and alanine (2.1 +/- 0.5 mu mol/min)
into glucose accounted far 72.8 +/- 3.3 and 3.9 +/- 0.5% of their ove
rall incorporation into glucose (37 +/- 2 and 51 +/- 6 mu mol/min, res
pectively) and 19.0 +/- 3.5 and 1.4 +/- 0.2%, respectively, of overall
renal glucose release. Infusion of epinephrine, which increased syste
mic and renal glucose release more than twofold (P < 0.001), increased
overall glutamine and alanine incorporation into glucose (both P < 0.
001) and increased renal GN from glutamine (P < 0.001) but not from al
anine (P = 0.15). Renal glutamine GN now accounted for 90.3 +/- 4.0% o
f overall glutamine GN (P = 0.01 vs. basal), whereas renal alanine GN
still accounted for only 4.8 +/- 1.7% of overall alanine GN (P = 0.36
vs. basal). With the assumption that kidney and liver are the only glu
coneogenic organs in humans, these results indicate that glutamine GN
occurs primarily in kidney, whereas alanine GN occurs almost exclusive
ly in liver. Isotopic studies of glutamine and alanine incorporation i
nto plasma glucose may provide a selective, noninvasive method to asse
ss hepatic and renal GN.