Acute renal failure (ARF) is one of the most frequent and potentially
life threatening complications following bone marrow transplantation (
BMT). Several renal syndromes that occur are either unique or occur wi
th a disproportionate frequency post-BMT, Clinically ARF can be classi
fied according to the rime of onset post-BMT. Immediate ARF syndromes
include tumor lysis syndrome and marrow-infusion associated toxicity,
which usually occur within 5 days post-BMT. Hepatorenal-like syndrome
secondary to venoocclusive disease occur within one month and is the m
ost common cause of early ARF syndrome. The late renal syndromes more
than 4 weeks post-BMT, include BMT-associated nephropathy, which may b
e acute or chronic, and cyclosporin nephrotoxicity. Other non-specific
causes of ARF such as sepsis, hypotension, volume depletion, nephroto
xic agents and obstructive uropathy can also occur at any time period
frequently ARF is multifactorial in these patients with complicated cl
inical course. Therapeutic approach depend on the underlying etiology.
Supportive treatment such as optimization of volume status and dialys
is when indicated are important steps as specific therapy is rarely av
ailable. Therefore, efforts should be targeted to the prevention of AR
F. This includes prophylaxis for tumor lysis syndrome and marrow infus
ion toxicity by hydration and alkaline diuresis, avoiding nephrotoxic
agents, early recognition and treatment of infection and correction of
volume depletion.