Ae. Tuinenburg et al., COMPARISON OF PLASMA NEUROHORMONES IN CONGESTIVE-HEART-FAILURE PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL-FIBRILLATION VERSUS PATIENTS WITH SINUS RHYTHM, The American journal of cardiology, 81(10), 1998, pp. 1207
Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide and endothelin are further elevated
in patients with congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation, com
pared to those with sinus rhythm. The higher plasma endothelin suggest
s that vasoconstriction is an important mechanism for hemodynamic comp
ensation in these patients.