St. Jan et al., METABOLIC-ACTIVATION AND FORMATION OF DNA-ADDUCTS OF HEXESTROL, A SYNTHETIC NONSTEROIDAL CARCINOGENIC ESTROGEN, Chemical research in toxicology, 11(5), 1998, pp. 412-419
Hexestrol (HES), a synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen, is carcinogenic in
Syrian golden hamsters. The major metabolite of ICES is its catechol,
3'-OH-HES, which can be metabolically converted to the electrophilic
catechol quinone, HES-3',4'-Q, by peroxidases and cytochrome P450. Sta
ndard adducts were synthesized by reacting HES-3',4'-Q with dG and dA
to produce the adducts 3'-OH-HES-6'(alpha,beta)-N7Gua and HES-3',4'-Q-
6'-N(6)dA, respectively. When HES-3',4'-Q was reacted with calf thymus
DNA, 3'-OH-HES-6'(alpha,beta)-N7Gua was identified by HPLC and tandem
mass spectrometry as the depurinating adduct, with minor amounts of s
table adducts. 3'-OH-HES was bound to DNA after activation by horserad
ish peroxidase, lactoperoxidase, or rat liver microsomes. The depurina
ting adduct 3'-OH-HES-6'(alpha,beta)-N7Gua was identified in these sys
tems at levels of 65, 41, and 11 mu mol/mol of DNA-P, respectively. Un
identified stable adducts were observed in much lower amounts and were
quantified by the P-32-postlabeling method. Similarly to 3'-OH-HES, t
he catechol metabolites of the natural steroidal estrogens estrone (E-
1) and estradiol (E-2), namely, 2-OHE1, 4-OHE1, 2-OHE2, and 4-OHE2, ca
n be oxidized to their corresponding quinones by peroxidases and cytoc
hrome P450. The quinones of the carcinogenic 4-OHE1 and 4-OHE2 have ch
emical and biochemical properties similar to those of HES-3',4'-Q. The
results suggest that formation of HES-3',4'-Q may be a critical event
in tumor initiation by HES and that HES is an excellent model compoun
d to corroborate the hypothesis that estrogen-3,4-quinones are ultimat
e carcinogenic metabolites of the natural steroidal estrogens E-1 and
E-2.