DETECTION OF HUMAN-PAPILLOMAVIRUS TYPE-16 DNA AND OF ANTIBODIES TO HUMAN-PAPILLOMAVIRUS TYPE-16 PROTEINS IN CHILDREN

We have measured markers of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV 16) infe ction in children (1-10 years of age) who were hospitalized for reason s unrelated to papillomavirus infection. Genital and buccal swabs obta ined from 79 children were tested for the presence of HPV 16 DNA by PC R. Low-level positivity was found in 34 donors, twice as often in oral than in genital swabs. There was no sex-specific difference, but ther e was a trend towards a higher positivity rate with young age. Serum a ntibodies (IgG) were measured by ELISA based on peptides derived from the HPV 16 early proteins E4 (one peptide), E6 (two peptides) or E7 (t wo peptides) in 75 children and by ELISA based on virus-like particles in 66 children. Low-positivity rates were found for E6 (5.1%), E7 (2. 5%) or capsid proteins (1.5%), but 20.3% of the sera reacted with the E4-specific peptide. There was no correlation between seropositivity a nd the detection of HPV 16 DNA. In those instances where HPV DNA posit ivity in young children represents true infection and not environmenta l contamination, we speculate that this infection is accompanied by lo w-level virus replication that does not induce a measurable antibody r esponse. Reactivity to the E4 protein is likely due to cross-reacting antibodies directed either against E4 proteins of other HPV types or a gainst unrelated antigens.