B. Couette et al., FOLDING REQUIREMENTS OF THE LIGAND-BINDING DOMAIN OF THE HUMAN MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR, Molecular endocrinology, 12(6), 1998, pp. 855-863
The effects of aldosterone are mediated by the mineralocorticoid recep
tor (MR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor. We investigated the
structural determinants for ligand binding to the receptor using a se
ries of human MR (hMR) deletion mutants. These proteins were produced
in vitro in rabbit reticulocyte lysate and analyzed for their ability
to bind agonists, antagonists, and the heat shock protein hsp90, which
is a prerequisite for ligand binding to hMR. Studies on N terminus-tr
uncated hMRs showed that the ligand-binding domain (LBD: amino acids 7
34-984) has a lower affinity for aldosterone than the entire receptor
[dissociation constant (K-d) 2.9 vs. 0.47 nM] and does not interact wi
th hsp90. Addition of the five-amino acid sequence (729-733) upstream
from the LED is necessary for interaction with hsp90, but a larger reg
ion is needed for high aldosterone affinity. Deletions at the C-termin
al end of the hMR greatly reduced both agonist and antagonist binding:
deletion of the last three amino acids reduced the affinity for aldos
terone to 1/20 that of the entire protein, and deletion of the last fo
ur amino acids completely abolished binding, although the interaction
with hsp90 was not affected. These effects can be explained by misfold
ing of the receptor, since limited proteolysis assays showed that dele
tions at the C-terminal end of hMR affect the accessibility of the cle
avage sites within the DNA-binding domain and the N-terminal part of t
he hinge region to trypsin. Thus, our results support the idea that a
short sequence upstream of the LED is essential for the interaction of
hMR with hsp90 and that the C terminus of hMR and hsp90 are both esse
ntial for folding of the receptor in a high-affinity hormone-binding s
tate.