Pj. Amrolia et al., MAXIMAL ACTIVITY OF AN ERYTHROID-SPECIFIC ENHANCER REQUIRES THE PRESENCE OF SPECIFIC PROTEIN-BINDING SITES IN LINKED PROMOTERS, The Journal of biological chemistry, 273(22), 1998, pp. 13593-13598
High level expression of many eukaryotic genes is achieved through the
action of distal regulatory sequences or enhancers. We have utilized
the interaction between the erythroid-specific enhancer in hypersensit
ivity site 2 (HS2) of the human beta-globin locus control region and t
he globin gene promoters as a model to elucidate the mechanisms govern
ing promoter/enhancer interactions. HS2 contains a 400-base pair core
element consisting of tandem AP1/NF-E2 motifs flanked by binding sites
for multiple ubiquitous and erythroid-specific factors. We have compa
red the enhancer activity of this core element with a synthetic enhanc
er lacking the factor binding sites flanking the AP1/NF-E2 motif (HS2(
M)). In fetal/erythroid K562 cells, enhancement of a linked gamma-prom
oter was significantly greater with wild-type HS2 than with HS2(M). In
contrast, the increase in beta-promoter activity in these cells was e
quivalent with either enhancer fragment. Truncation of the binding sit
e for the fetal/erythroid-specific stage selector protein in the gamma
-promoter abolished the additional enhancer activity of HS2. Similarly
, insertion of the stage selector protein site into the beta-promoter
boosted enhancer activity observed with HS2 but not HS2(M). In adult e
rythroid MEL cells, enhancement of a linked beta-promoter was signific
antly greater with HS2 than with HS2(M). This effect was dependent on
the binding of the adult stage-specific factor, erythroid Kruppel-like
factor, to the beta-promoter. Taken together, this data suggests that
the stage-specific factors binding the proximal globin promoters and
the factors flanking the AP1/NF-EB motif of HS2 act in synergy.