Genetic variation in cold hardiness of Douglas-fir in relation to parent tree environment

The extent to which parent trees within breeding zones of coastal Douglas-f ir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) France) are locally adapte d to their native environments was evaluated. Forty families from each of o ne Coastal and one Cascade breeding population in Oregon were assessed for cold hardiness and growth phenology, and family means for traits were summa rized using principal components analysis (PCA). Composition of the first t wo principal components (PCs) was consistent between breeding zones, years, and test sites. PC-I, describing 39-46% of trait variation, represents a s uite of traits related to spring phenology and spring cold hardiness. PC-2, describing 20-22% of trait variation, consists of cold-hardiness traits no t associated with phenology. The first two PCs from each population, as wel l as univariate traits, were regressed on parent tree location variables an d modeled climatic indices separately. In the Coastal zone, PC-1 was weakly but significantly related to temperature and moisture regimes (0.176 less than or equal to r(2) less than or equal to 0.235), varying with elevation and distance from the ocean. PC-2 was related to temperature and moisture r egimes in both populations (0.087 less than or equal to r(2) less than or e qual to 0.249). These relatively weak geographic patterns for adaptive trai ts within breeding zones suggest that current zone size is not excessive an d could likely be increased north or south.