BIBLIOMETRICS THEORY, PRACTICE AND PROBLEMS

This article presents the theory behind modern evaluative bibliometric techniques at three levels Policy applications which characterizes th e scientific and technological output of nations or regions; strategic analyses, which deals with articles and patents at the level of a uni versity or company; and tactical analyses, which addresses questions c oncerning a single subject. The article explains the newer techniques that have been developed at each level, as well as the more important limitations.