The relational data model has become the standard for mainstream database p
rocessing despite its well-known weakness in the area of representing appli
cation semantics. The research community's response to this situation has b
een the development of a collection of semantic data models that allow more
of the meaning of information to be represented in a database. The primary
tool for accomplishing this has been the use of various data abstractions,
most commonly: inclusion, aggregation and association. This paper develops
a general model for analyzing data abstractions, and then applies it to th
ese three best-known abstractions. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All right
s reserved.