Immune modulation by the cholera-like enterotoxins: from adjuvant to therapeutic

Cholera toxin and ifs close relative, Escherichia coil heat-labile enteroto xin, ave potent immunogens and mucosal adjuvents. The recent findings that their B subunits can promote tolerance highlights the complexity of their i nteractions with the immune system. Here, Neil Williams and colleagues revi ew the mechanisms by which these molecules modulate leukocyte populations a nd seek to explain the paradox.