Two-dimensional dynamic simulation of the thermal state of ladles

A two-dimensional mathematical model of steelmaking ladies is presented. Th e model can be used as a design tool, by which a number of variables such a s holding time, material choice, and refractory layer thicknesses can be st udied with regard to their influence on the steel temperature evolution dur ing casting. In addition, the model can act as a decision support and as a basis for automation of temperature control. Temperature measurements from an operational steelmaking ladle are compared to simulation results obtaine d with the model, demonstrating its feasibility and applicability to steelm aking.